{"id":402,"date":"2014-10-03T10:51:03","date_gmt":"2014-10-03T10:51:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diarieducacio.cat\/grao\/?p=402"},"modified":"2024-05-13T18:30:12","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T16:30:12","slug":"francesc-xavier-hernandez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diarieducacio.cat\/grao\/2014\/10\/03\/francesc-xavier-hernandez\/","title":{"rendered":"Francesc Xavier Hern\u00e1ndez: “Entendre la hist\u00f2ria \u00e9s entendre’ns a nosaltres mateixos”"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9s doctor en Hist\u00f2ria i catedr\u00e0tic de Did\u00e0ctica de les Ci\u00e8ncies Socials de la Universitat de Barcelona, especialitzat en did\u00e0ctica de les ci\u00e8ncies socials, museografia i iconografia hist\u00f2rica. Ha participat en la redacci\u00f3 de nombrosos treballs d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 i innovaci\u00f3 educativa i \u00e9s investigador principal del grup d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 DIDPATRI (did\u00e0ctica del patrimoni, museografia comprensiva i noves tecnologies). En la commemoraci\u00f3 del Tricentenari, ha tingut un paper central en alguns esdeveniments, com ara el comissariat de l\u2019exposici\u00f3 \u00abDonec perficiam\u00bb, al Born de Barcelona.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Comencem per la hist\u00f2ria: dius que \u00e9s una disciplina cient\u00edfica. Per\u00f2 no es pot experimentar… Per a molts de nosaltres, s\u2019estudiava, es memoritzava i avall. Res de cient\u00edfic.<\/strong><\/p>\n

No \u00e9s un tema opinable. La hist\u00f2ria est\u00e0 considerada, igual que les altres ci\u00e8ncies socials, una disciplina cient\u00edfica, tot i que no utilitza el m\u00e8tode experimental. S\u00ed que s\u2019ha de plantejar en base a unes evid\u00e8ncies, i \u00e9s a partir de la interpretaci\u00f3 de les evid\u00e8ncies que es constitueix com a disciplina. No tenim experimentaci\u00f3, per\u00f2 s\u00ed que tindrem un bon succedani per hipotetitzar: la simulaci\u00f3. Cada vegada m\u00e9s, es podran simular situacions gr\u00e0cies als processos de computaci\u00f3, supercomputaci\u00f3, etc. La histoinform\u00e0tica, en el futur, ser\u00e0 absolutament determinant per simular situacions i aproximar hip\u00f2tesis cada vegada m\u00e9s correctes sobre el que va passar.<\/p>\n

Per\u00f2 la metodologia escolar no \u00e9s ben b\u00e9 cient\u00edfica.<\/strong><\/p>\n

La metodologia escolar no \u00e9s ben b\u00e9 cient\u00edfica en cap de les disciplines ni tampoc en les ci\u00e8ncies, perqu\u00e8 treballa sobre realitats ja conegudes i, per tant, el que fa \u00e9s evocar o reproduir aquestes realitats. I amb la hist\u00f2ria passa el mateix. Per\u00f2 si el que volem \u00e9s preparar la gent per treballar amb el m\u00e8tode cient\u00edfic, tamb\u00e9 s\u2019ha de fer amb la hist\u00f2ria. \u00c9s a dir, que els nens, quan treballen amb hist\u00f2ria, s\u2019han de servir d\u2019un m\u00e8tode que els permeti aproximar-se al passat de manera objectiva.<\/p>\n

No se m\u2019ha convidat mai a q\u00fcestionar la informaci\u00f3 del llibre de text…<\/strong><\/p>\n

El pes de les tradicions \u00e9s molt important. Normalment, s\u2019ent\u00e9n que la hist\u00f2ria \u00e9s un relat, un relat pol\u00edtic. No es fonamenta en una demostraci\u00f3 dels fets, sin\u00f3 amb una memoritzaci\u00f3 de determinats relats. A les escoles, la hist\u00f2ria ha estat una assignatura que ensenya molt, per\u00f2 que no demostra res, quan en realitat el que hem de fer \u00e9s que es plantegin hip\u00f2tesis, que es demostri, que s\u2019argumenti i que s\u2019exposin evid\u00e8ncies. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s plantejar-ho en clau cient\u00edfica.<\/p>\n

Sobre els fets del 1714, quines s\u00f3n les coses de la vida importants per a la canalla i per als joves? Qu\u00e8 han d\u2019aprendre i \u00e9s significativament important per a ells?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nosaltres decidim poc a la vida, gaireb\u00e9 tot ho han decidit altres persones que hi havia abans que nosaltres: la llengua que parlem, la cuina, la cultura, la manera de vestir, els temors, les creences, les tradicions, etc. D\u2019alguna manera, no \u00e9s que el passat ens condicioni, sin\u00f3 que forma part de la nostra realitat. Descobrir aix\u00f2 \u00e9s indispensable per entendre\u2019ns millor a nosaltres, entendre les nostres decisions, les nostres limitacions, i entendre tamb\u00e9 la dictadura del passat. Perqu\u00e8 som, d\u2019alguna manera, esclaus del pensament d\u2019altres \u00e8poques, i algunes coses s\u2019han de superar (t\u00f2pics, punts de vista, etc.). Per tant, la hist\u00f2ria ajuda a superar aquest pes del passat.<\/p>\n

El 1714 tamb\u00e9 forma part del nostre present. Els conflictes no acaben, les situacions hist\u00f2riques es mantenen. L\u2019any 1714 es van perdre les constitucions i aquesta cultura estava tan arrelada que han passat tres-cents anys i encara continua viva l\u2019enyoran\u00e7a d\u2019haver estat un poble lliure. La mem\u00f2ria queda, no \u00e9s una invenci\u00f3 dels historiadors o dels pol\u00edtics.<\/p>\n

I no hi ha el perill que des de fora es cregui que aix\u00f2 s\u2019est\u00e0 polititzant?<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019escola \u00e9s una instituci\u00f3 viva que s\u2019ha de preocupar del que passa al carrer. Igual com l\u2019escola es preocupa de si hi ha un temporal o si explota un volc\u00e0, tamb\u00e9 ha de tenir en compte els successos de la societat directa. Segons el meu parer, aix\u00f2 no \u00e9s polititzar, sin\u00f3 estudiar la realitat. El que s\u00ed que seria polititzar-ho seria evitar-ho. No tindria cap sentit.<\/p>\n

Hi ha determinades visions pol\u00edtiques que no estan d\u2019acord de donar al Tricentenari un espai pedag\u00f2gic, un lloc de treball a l\u2019escola.<\/strong><\/p>\n

La pedagogia de la negaci\u00f3? L\u2019alternativa que es proposa \u00e9s no parlar-ne. La llibertat no es pot construir mai damunt d\u2019una base d\u2019ignor\u00e0ncia. Els cient\u00edfics estem per obrir camins nous i aix\u00f2 vol dir que no hi ha temes tab\u00fa. Que tu treballis la Guerra de Successi\u00f3 no significa pas que facis una apologia de determinades coses, sin\u00f3 que tu les planteges tal com s\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Quan dius que el sistema pol\u00edtic que tenia Catalunya a principis del segle xviii era for\u00e7a avan\u00e7at, perqu\u00e8 era un sistema constitucional que permetia la participaci\u00f3 de la gent a la pol\u00edtica, i que Felip V tenia un sistema absolutista, autoritari i dictatorial, no dius cap mentida. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s polititzar el tema? Jo crec que no. No hi ha cap pa\u00eds del m\u00f3n que reclami la monarquia absoluta, perqu\u00e8 la hist\u00f2ria ha evidenciat que avui dia l\u2019absolutisme ha desaparegut, no ha funcionat.<\/p>\n

A Catalunya, hi ha una cultura pol\u00edtica, potser basada en processos m\u00e9s democr\u00e0tics, distinta de la que es respira a Espanya?<\/strong><\/p>\n

La hist\u00f2ria genera tradicions, les tradicions culturals s\u00f3n molt fortes a tot arreu. En el cas de Catalunya, aquest pes d\u2019un pa\u00eds que des de l\u2019edat mitjana va forjar les seves constitucions ha estat molt important per al nostre imaginari col\u00b7lectiu i encara n\u2019\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

En el cas de l\u2019Estat espanyol, no trobar\u00e0s a la hist\u00f2ria cap per\u00edode en el qual hi hagi hagut una cultura democr\u00e0tica potent de manera seguida. El nostre r\u00e8gim pol\u00edtic \u00e9s un hereu molt directe de la vict\u00f2ria feixista de la Guerra Civil, i llavors, jo tampoc el qualificaria com una democr\u00e0cia homologable a la resta de les democr\u00e0cies europees quant a cultura democr\u00e0tica. Aquesta \u00e9s la meva opini\u00f3 i \u00e9s q\u00fcestionable, tot i que, si ho discut\u00edssim, em veig amb cor de defensar-ho.<\/p>\n

Respecte als fets de 1714, quin tipus de patrimoni tenim com a font prim\u00e0ria perqu\u00e8 els infants i els joves es puguin acostar a la hist\u00f2ria de manera cient\u00edfica?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les evid\u00e8ncies monumentals no s\u00f3n gaires, per\u00f2 a les ciutats t\u2019hi pots aproximar per diferents vies. En el cas de Barcelona, el m\u00e9s f\u00e0cil de trobar \u00e9s el Born o les cases de fora de la barriada de Santa Maria del Mar.<\/p>\n

FONT:\u00a0<\/strong>Revista GUIX, n\u00fam. 406<\/p>\n

Podeu accedir a la lectura completa d’aquesta entrevista adre\u00e7ant-vos a aquest\u00a0<\/strong>enlla\u00e7<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Es confessa obertament apassionat de la hist\u00f2ria, i la seva expressi\u00f3 ho confirma. Quan en parla, t\u00e9 un somriure permanent, que respon probablement a una gran dosi d\u2019admiraci\u00f3 i convicci\u00f3. Diu que s\u2019explica el m\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del nostre transcurs del temps i convida l\u2019escola a fer de la hist\u00f2ria una disciplina que ens ajudi a comprendre el nostre present i comprendre\u2019ns millor a nosaltres mateixos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":525,"featured_media":1816,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217,219,220],"tags":[214,215,216,218],"tipo":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-402","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-historia-de-catalunya","8":"category-memoria-historica","9":"category-patrimoni","10":"tag-didactica-de-la-historia","11":"tag-ensenyament-i-aprenentatge-de-la-historia","12":"tag-esdeveniments-historics","13":"tag-joc-de-simulacio-historica"},"yoast_head":"\nFrancesc Xavier Hern\u00e1ndez: "Entendre la hist\u00f2ria \u00e9s entendre'ns a nosaltres mateixos" - L'escola gra\u00f3 a gra\u00f3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/diarieducacio.cat\/grao\/2014\/10\/03\/francesc-xavier-hernandez\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Francesc Xavier Hern\u00e1ndez: "Entendre la hist\u00f2ria \u00e9s entendre'ns a nosaltres mateixos" - L'escola gra\u00f3 a gra\u00f3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Es confessa obertament apassionat de la hist\u00f2ria, i la seva expressi\u00f3 ho confirma. Quan en parla, t\u00e9 un somriure permanent, que respon probablement a una gran dosi d\u2019admiraci\u00f3 i convicci\u00f3. 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